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Maritza Jacobsen
Maritza Jacobsen

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2/11/10 - Maritza Jacobsen
Maritza Jacobsen

Welcome to the Reading Room!

Five Components of Reading

Phonemic Awareness—The knowledge and manipulation of sounds in spoken words.

 

Phonics—The relationship between written and spoken letters and sounds.

 

Vocabulary—The knowledge of words, their definitions, and context.

 

Fluency—The ability to read with accuracy, and with appropriate rate, expression, and phrasing.

 

Comprehension—The understanding of meaning in text.

Phonemic Awareness

 
Not to be confused with phonics, phonemic awareness is defined as recognizing spoken words as a sequence of individual sounds.   Phonemic awareness activities can be done with your eyes closed and is learned through listening and speaking. Listed below are suggestions to help develop phonemic awareness.                           
Read aloud - Nursery rhymes and rhyming books to introduce rhyming and word patterns (Hickory, Dickory, Dock)
Word pairs - read word pairs (sad-sod; fin-win; etc.) ask questions about the pairs.  "Do they begin with the same sound or different sound?"
Same sound synthesis - read aloud a list of words beginning with the same sound.  Have children tell other words with the same beginning sound
Oddity game - Remember Sesame Street:  "One of these things is not like the other..."?   Say a series of words and have the students repeat them.  Ask, "Which one does not belong?"  (bag, bat, bug)
Phoneme segmentation - model by slowly saying a word emphasizing each of its sounds.  Ask children to repeat you.  (ran=/r/ /a/ /n/ )
Phoneme blending - model by slowly saying individual sounds of a word and then combining them to form the word.  Ask children to repeat you. 
(/r/ /a/ /n/ = ran)
Phoneme deletion - model a word and then ask the children to repeat the word but delete the beginning sound.  Once the beginning deletion is mastered, you can try ending and medial sound deletions.  (say meat without the /m/)
Phoneme substitution - model a word and then ask the students to replace the beginning sound with another sound to make a new word.  (can - replace the /c/
with a /p/ what word did you make?)

Phonics

Phonics is the relationship between letters and sounds and the method by which it is taught to beginning readers.  This is when students match letters to sounds and make words according to the sounds heard. 

Fluency

Fluency is described in Balanced Reading Strategies and Practices as: 
                1) accuracy of decoding
                2) appropriate use of pitch, juncture, and stress (prosody) in one's voice
                3) appropriate text phrasing or "chunking"
                4) appropriate reading speed or rate

It is a teaching myth that fluency is just "how fast a reader can read."  There are ways to help readers achieve fluency in all areas listed above.  Following are six instructional principles of effective teaching for fluency and examples of each below.
repetition - students must reread a text repeatedly until it is fluid
modeling - teachers must model oral fluency; students may model this for others as well
support or assistance - strategies include choral reading or buddy reading; teacher and student read the same text aloud simultaneously
phrasing practice - make phrase flashcards to practice
easy materials - independent reading material on an easy level builds fluency.

Vocabulary

Teaching vocabulary is essential for all learners, but especially for our English Language Learners.  Every person has four vocabularies:  listening, speaking, reading, and writing.  Our listening vocabulary is the largest, with speaking following.  These are receptive—how a child receives and processes information.  The reading and writing vocabularies are expressive—how a child shows the knowledge of the vocabularies obtained.  The following ideas help build vocabulary through the building of background knowledge (often referred to as schema).

Comprehension

As you and your child read together, consider asking some of the following questions.  The questions are categorized under specific comprehension strategies.

Connections

Is there a part of this story or piece that reminds you of something in your own life or of something that’s happened to you? 

Is there a part of this story or piece that reminds you of another book you’ve read?

 

Questions

Can you find a part of the text where you have a question? 

What were you wondering about as you read this part? 

Can you find a part where you were confused? 

What was confusing about it?

 

Visualizing

Were there places in the text where you made a picture in your mind? 

What images or pictures did you see?  What specific words helped you create that picture in your mind?

 

Inferring

What do you predict will happen in this piece?

Can you find a place in the text where you found yourself making an inference? 

What do you think the big ideas were in the story?

 

Determining Importance

What is this story or piece mostly about?

Can you describe some of the important ideas that struck you? 

Any important themes noticed?

What do you think is most important about this story/topic?

 

Synthesizing

Can you describe what the piece is about in just a few sentences? 

Can you find a place in the piece where your thinking changed? 

Do you have some new ideas or information?